PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

 

Petroleum is a natural substance trapped in rocks beneath the earth crust’s . The term ‘’petroleum’’ refers to rock oil . Water, Salt, and earth particle are all present in this complex combination of gaseous, Liquid, and solid hydrocarbon. It is liquid that is lighter than water yet insoluble in it.

1.    FORMATION OF PRTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS :

 

Oil and gas are made up of organic material that is deposited on the seafloor as sediments, then broken down and altered over million of years. The presence of an appropriate mix of source rock, reservoir rock, cap rock, and a trap in a given location may lead to the discovery of viable oil and gas resources.

The majority of the oil and gas resources on the Norwegian shelf are formed by a thick layer of block clay that lies thousands of meters beneath the seabed

The black clay is a source reck, which indicate it came from a deposit with a lot of organic waste,

 

2. COMPOSTION OF PETROLEUM :

Petroleum is mostly made up of hydrogen and carbon, but it also includes trace amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and metal including vanadium, cobalt, and nickel. Alkanes (paraffins), naphthenes, aromatics, and heterocompounds are some of the most prevalent organic substance.

The exact molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical element varies over fairly narrow limits as follow:

 



 

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM :

 

This is done in oil refineries with the use of massive fractionating columns (also known as fractionating tower). These are frequently found near to the crude oil sources. The industrial fractionating column is intended to be cold at the top and hot at the bottom, allowing it to cold and condense crude oil vapour at distinctively different temperature ranges defined by the column’s temperature gradient